Dart boards

Dart boards are usually made of sisal fibers or boar bristles, and each section is lined with thin metal wire. The numbers indicating the various scoring sections of the board are normally made of wire, especially on tournament-quality boards, but may be printed directly on the board instead.

Height and distance

In the standard game, the dart board is hung so that the bullseye is 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) from the floor, eye-level for a six foot man. The oche or hockey (pronounced 'ock-ey')--the line behind which the throwing player must stand--is 7 ft 9¼ in (2.37 m) from the face of the board, though a few British pubs set it at 8 ft (2.44 m) or 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m). For casual play, it is not uncommon to find the oche somewhat further or closer than the tournament standard, either due to rounding of the specified distance (to 7½ or 8 feet), or just due to measurement error (such as measuring from the wall, rather than using a plumb line to measure from the board face).

History

Various designs of dartboard have been used, and regional variations remain in parts of Staffordshire, Lancashire and Yorkshire. In particular, the Yorkshire and Lancashire boards differs from the standard board in that it has no treble ring and has a single, inner bull. The dartboard itself may have its origins in the cross section of a tree, although some historical records suggest that the first standard dartboards were the bottoms of wine casks, hence the game's original name of "butts". There is speculation that the game originated among soldiers throwing short arrows at the bottom of the cast or at the bottom of trunks of trees. As the wood dried, cracks would develop, creating "sections". Soon, regional standards emerged and many woodworkers supplemented bar tabs by fabricating dart boards for the local pubs.

The numbering plan known by many today has a 20 on top; however, a great many other configurations have been used throughout the years and in different geographical locations. By most accounts, the numbering layout was devised by Brian Gamlin in 1896 to penalize inaccuracy. Although this applies to most of the board, the left-hand side (near the 14 section) is preferred by beginners, for its concentration of larger numbers. Mathematically, removing the rotational symmetry by placing the "20" at the top, there are 19!, or 121,645,100,408,832,000 possible dartboards. There are many different layouts that would penalize a player more than the current setup; however, the current setup actually does the job rather efficiently].

Scoring

A double bullseye.The standard dartboard is divided into twenty numbered sections, scoring from one to 20 points, by wires running from the small central circle to the outer circular wire. Circular wires within the outer wire subdivide each section into single, double and triple areas.

Various games can be played (and still are played informally) using the standard dartboard. However, in the official game, any dart landing inside the outer wire scores as follows:

• Hitting one of the large portions of each of the numbered sections, traditionally coloured black and yellow, scores precisely the points value of that section.

• Hitting the thin outer portions of these sections, coloured red and green, scores double the points value of that section.

• Hitting the thin inner portions of these sections, roughly halfway between the outer wire and the central circle and again coloured red or green, scores triple (or 3x) the points value of that section.
  
• The central circle is divided into a green outer ring worth 25 points (known as "outer" or "outer bull") and a red inner circle (usually known as "bull", "inner bull" or "double bull"), worth 50 points. The term "bullseye" can mean either the whole central part of the board or just the inner red section.
  
• Hitting outside the outer wire scores nothing.
  
• Any dart that does not remain in the board after throwing (for example, a dart that hits a wire and bounces out of the board or drops out with the impact of a later throw) also scores nothing. Variations on this rule exist - some judge that a dart which obviously hits a scoring section but then subsequently drops out will count if caught before it hits the floor or if it rebounds behind the throwing line before touching the ground it may be thrown again. In professional rules, a dart's tip must be touching a scoring section for the dart to count.
  

The highest score possible with 3 darts is 180, obtained when all three darts land in the triple 20. In the televised game, the referee frequently announces a score of 180 in exuberant style. The commentator will often refer to this as "ton-eighty". A "ton" is the accumulation of 100 points with any amount over and including 100. The score 131 for example would be made into a compound number with "ton" as the prefix, as in "ton-thirty-one".

Playing Darts

A game, or "leg", of darts is usually contested between two players who take turns in throwing up to three darts. Starting from a set score, usually 501 or 301, a player wins by reducing his score to zero. The last dart in the leg must hit either a double or the inner portion of the bullseye, which is the double of the outer bull, and must reduce the score to exactly zero. Successfully doing so is known as "doubling out" or "checking out" (see the Glossary of darts for more darts terminology).

A throw that would reduce a player's score to one or below zero does not count, his turn ends, and his score is reset to what it was before that turn. (Sometimes in friendly games a player is allowed a dog's chance by "splitting the eleven" if he has a remaining score of 1. This required placing a final dart between the legs of the number eleven in the normally non-scoring part of the board). Since the double areas are small, doubling out is usually the most difficult and tense part of a leg. Longer matches are often divided into sets, each comprising some number of legs.

Although playing straight down from 501 is standard in darts, other variations exist, notably "doubling in", where players must hit a double to begin scoring, with all darts thrown before said double contributing nothing to his score. Other games that are commonly played differ in their scoring methods. These include "Round The Clock", "Killer" and the more complicated Cricket.

In "Round the Clock", players must hit each numbered section in turn, finishing with a bull to win. Far from being a beginner's game, Round The Clock is a good training game since it practices targeting all areas of the board, a skill which is essential when finishing a classic leg. This can be taken further by only counting the double or the treble rings. It can also be played where hitting the double advances you two numbers and the treble advances three. For example, if your first target is number 1 and you hit the treble ring, then your next target is number 4. In addition, some play that if you successfully hit three numbers with your three darts in a turn, you get to throw again. Often in some leagues, hitting a double advances you to the number which is twice the value of that thrown, plus one. For example, hitting a double 9 will take you to 19. These games often end with the first person to hit two double 20s.

An additional rule which can add some spice to playing Round The Clock with two or more players is that any dart that falls in a bed other than the one aimed for is forteited to any player(s) awaiting that number.

In Killer, a number of players "own" a number on the dartboard (often selected by throwing a dart with their non-playing arm) and compete to build up "lives" (by hitting that number) until a threshold is reached (usually 4 or 6) before attempting to "kill" other players by removing the lives they have built up (by hitting those other players' number) until a single player is left.

Professional Organisations

Of the two professional organisations, the British Darts Organisation (BDO), founded 1973, is the older. Its tournaments are often shown on the BBC in the UK, and on SBS6 in the Netherlands. The BDO is a member of the World Darts Federation (WDF) (founded 1976), along with organisations in some 60 other countries worldwide. The BDO originally organised all British darts players and tournaments.

In 1994 a breakaway organisation was formed, initially known as the World Darts Council (WDC) but shortly after known as the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC). Over the years many top players from the BDO have left to join the PDC with very few going in the other direction. An influx of sponsors and rapid expansion of television coverage continues.

The PDC tournaments often have higher prize money and without doubt the best player in the world: 13-time World Champion Phil Taylor. Cementing the PDC's dominance at the very top of the game in early 2006, four-time BDO world champion Raymond van Barneveld moved to the PDC.

Professional Competitions

The BDO and PDC both organise a World Professional Championship. They are held at the start of the year, with the PDC championship finishing slighly earlier than the BDO tournament. The BDO World Championship has been running since 1978, the PDC World Championship started in 1994.

Both organisations hold other professional tournaments. The BDO organise the International Darts League, World Darts Trophy, World Masters, Dutch Grand Masters, Europe Cup, and many Open tournaments. They also organise county darts for their 64 county members in the UK including individual and team events.

The PDC's major tournaments, known as Premier Events are the Premier League, UK Open, Las Vegas Desert Classic, World Matchplay and the World Grand Prix. They also hold PDC Pro Tour events and smaller category events around the UK.

The WDF World Cup for national teams and a singles tournament has been played biennially since 1977.

World Cup Darts

Overall World Cup Winners
1977 Wales
1979 England
1981 England
1983 England
1985 England
1987 England
1989 England
1991 England
1993 Wales
1995 England
1997 Wales
1999 England
2001 England
2003 England
2005 Netherlands
Total Wins: 11 England, 3 Wales, 1 Netherlands.

Men's Singles Champions

1977 Leighton Rees
1979 Nicky Virachkul
1981 John Lowe
1983 Eric Bristow
1985 Eric Bristow
1987 Eric Bristow
1989 Eric Bristow
1991 John Lowe
1993 Roland Scholten
1995 Martin Adams
1997 Raymond van Barneveld
1999 Raymond van Barneveld
2001 Martin Adams
2003 Raymond van Barneveld
2005 Dick van Dijk

Women's Singles Champions

1983 Sandy Reitan
1985 Linda Batten
1987 Valery Maytum
1989 Eva Grigsby
1991 Jill McDonald
1993 Kathy Maloney
1995 Mandy Solomons
1997 Noeline Gear
1999 Trina Gulliver
2001 Francisca Hoenselaar
2003 Trina Gulliver
2005 Clare Bywaters

Men's Pairs Champions

1977 Eric Bristow & John Lowe
1979 Eric Bristow & John Lowe
1981 Cliff Lazarenko & Tony Brown
1983 Eric Bristow & John Lowe
1985 Eric Bristow & John Lowe
1987 Eric Bristow & John Lowe
1989 Eric Bristow & John Lowe
1991 Keith Sullivan & Wayne Weening
1993 John Part & Carl Mercer
1995 Martin Adams & Andy Fordham
1997 Sean Palfrey & Martin Phillips
1999 Ritchie Davies & Richie Herbert
2001 Andy Fordham & John Walton
2003 Martin Adams & Mervyn King
2005 Raymond van Barneveld & Vincent van der Voort

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Darts. (2006, November 30). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 03:07, December 2, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darts&oldid=91259639